Wall Cloud
An isolated lowering of a rain-free cloud base, typically found on the south or southwest side of a supercell. Wall clouds often rotate and may produce a funnel cloud or tornado. They usually precede tornado formation by 10-20 minutes.
More Severe Weather Terms
Tornado
A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. Tornadoes can produce winds exceeding 300 mph and cause catastrophic damage along their path. They are rated on the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale from EF0 to EF5.
Supercell
A severe thunderstorm characterized by a deep, persistently rotating updraft called a mesocyclone. Supercells are the most dangerous type of thunderstorm and can produce tornadoes, large hail, damaging winds, and flash flooding.
Mesocyclone
A rotating vortex of air within a supercell thunderstorm, typically 2-6 miles in diameter. Mesocyclones are detected by Doppler radar and indicate the potential for tornado development.
Derecho
A widespread, long-lived windstorm associated with a fast-moving band of severe thunderstorms. To qualify as a derecho, the wind damage swath must extend more than 250 miles with wind gusts of at least 58 mph along most of its length.
Microburst
A localized column of sinking air that produces damaging divergent winds at or near the surface. Microbursts can produce winds exceeding 100 mph in an area less than 2.5 miles across and are particularly hazardous to aircraft.
Downburst
A strong downdraft that induces an outward burst of damaging winds at or near the surface. Downbursts can be either microbursts (less than 2.5 miles) or macrobursts (larger than 2.5 miles) and can cause damage similar to a tornado.
Funnel Cloud
A rotating cone-shaped cloud extending downward from the base of a thunderstorm but not reaching the ground. When a funnel cloud touches the ground, it becomes a tornado.
Explore Other Terms
Freezing Rain
Rain that falls as liquid but freezes on contact with surfaces at or below 32°F (0°C), creating a coating of ice called glaze. Freezing rain is extremely dangerous as it can make roads impassable and cause widespread power outages from ice-coated power lines.
Sleet
Frozen raindrops that bounce when hitting the ground. Sleet forms when snowflakes partially melt falling through a warm layer, then refreeze in a cold layer near the surface. Unlike freezing rain, sleet is frozen before it hits the ground.
Barometric Pressure
The weight of the atmosphere pressing down on a given point, measured in inches of mercury (inHg) or millibars (mb). Rising pressure typically indicates improving weather, while falling pressure suggests approaching storms or precipitation.
Dew Point
The temperature at which air becomes saturated and water vapor begins to condense into liquid. A higher dew point indicates more moisture in the air. Dew points above 65°F feel humid, while above 70°F is considered oppressive.
NEXRAD
Next-Generation Radar, a network of 159 high-resolution Doppler weather radars operated by the National Weather Service. NEXRAD detects precipitation, wind patterns, and severe weather signatures up to 250 miles from each station.
MRMS
Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor, an advanced system that combines data from multiple radars, satellites, and surface observations to create a seamless, high-resolution national weather picture updated every 2 minutes.
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Learn Wall Cloud in Context
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Helpful Tools and Hubs
Use these pages to apply the concept, compare conditions, or follow related weather workflows.
Guide
How to Read SPC Outlooks
Decode severe weather outlooks, probability maps, and categorical risk levels before storms arrive.
Feature
Severe Weather
Follow outlooks, watches, warnings, and storm signals in one severe-weather workflow.
Seasonal Hub
Severe Weather Season Guide
A seasonal hub for tornadoes, hail, damaging winds, and storm-prep reading.
Glossary
Funnel Cloud
A rotating cone-shaped cloud extending downward from the base of a thunderstorm but not reaching the ground.
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